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Port Oneida Rural Historic District is part of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. It consists of a set of farms in the Leelanau Peninsula of Northern Michigan that are typical of Northern European settlers throughout the Midwestern United States in the later part of the 19th century.〔(Port Oneida Rural Historic District )〕〔(Historic Properties Management Plan )〕 The district was farmed for over 100 years by local farmers of subsistence farms. The houses and fields were passed down through the families.〔 What is represented in the district is the practice of land use, architecture and the evolution of agricultural technology common to the upper Great Lakes region.〔 It is very rare to find such a large collection of farms of this time period that are free from modern technology.〔〔 Port Oneida Rural Historic District has 121 buildings, 20 structures and 18 farmsteads.〔(Port Oneida Virtual Tour )〕〔(Port Oneida Rural Historic District map of structures )〕 The district is over of farming area preserved as it was in the late 19th century to the mid-20th century.〔 It is the largest historic agricultural community in the United States under government ownership that is fully protected by the government.〔〔(Glen Arbor Sun - July 27, 2006 )〕〔(Glen Arbor Sun - August 9, 2007 )〕〔(Glen Arbor Sun - May 22, 2008 )〕 The district has the greatest number of historic buildings and has the largest agricultural area.〔 It is on the National Register of Historic Places as of June, 1997.〔(Friends of Sleeping Bear Dunes )〕 It has a "State" level of significance on the National Register.〔 ==History== The Leelanau Peninsula was occupied sometime soon after the Ice age glaciers’ last retreat.〔(Port Oneida History )〕 Inhabitants were initially drawn to northern Michigan because of the fisheries and forests. Agriculture soon developed since there was longer growing seasons. Lake Michigan provided a lake effect warmth along the shoreline in this area.〔 Cree and Ojibwa were among the Native Americans who lived in the area for generations. The first European recorded in this region was Carsten Burfiend.〔 He was an immigrant from Hanover, Germany in 1846. He arrived in the United States at Buffalo, New York and first went by steamship to nearby North Manitou Island. He came to the peninsula alone and left his wife and family in New York state.〔 There he built a cabin and worked as a fisherman until 1852. The U.S. Government around this time opened up the mainland of Michigan Territory to settlement. Burfriend moved and purchased of land on the west side of Pyramid Point. He then sent for his wife and children.〔 Burfiend continued to work as a fisherman on mainland Michigan with his fishing boat. Also using his boat he would ferry early settlers between South Manitou Island and North Manitou Island from the mainland of Michigan. History records that John E. Fisher was one of his passengers going to the islands. Fisher was one of the first settlers on the mainland of northern Michigan and a founder of Glen Arbor, Michigan.〔 Burfiend and his family lived in a three-story log cabin on the beach. Ultimately Lake Michigan's fierce storms forced them to move their home to the Sleeping Bear Dunes bluffs above the lake. Because of the harsh environment of the early days, Burfiend lost three of his sons to pneumonia and drowning.〔 Frederick and Margaretta Werner of Hanover, Germany, were close friends and possibly related to the Burfiends. They joined the Burfiends in September 1855 and settled in the area. Several other settlers came from Hanover.〔 The 1860 census shows the population of Pyramid Point to be 87 people. They were immigrants from Germany and Prussia.〔 Thomas Kelderhouse was a key person to Port Oneida. He developed most of the Port Oneida logging industry. Kelderhouse was born in Albany, New York in 1821.〔 His cargo ships traveled throughout Lake Michigan. Kelderhouse is recorded on one of his trips to have landed on South Manitou Island. He reportedly saw the mainland economic opportunities of the Michigan dense forests of white pine. He negotiated with Burfiend and they agreed on building a dock on the shore of Lake Michigan if Burfiend provided the land. In 1862 the dock was completed. Port Oneida is named after the steamship Oneida, one of the first to stop at Burfiend's new dock.〔 The dock allowed the mainland’s hardwood forest to be harvested. Kelderhouse bought land and began processing cordwood to sell to passing ships for firewood. He built a sawmill near the John Burfiend farm. Port Oneida grew considerably over the next 30 years to include many commercial enterprises. Among these were a general store, a post office, a blacksmith shop and a boarding house. There were also two large barns built by other farmers. Kelderhouse owned most of the commercial buildings at Port Oneida and about half of the land on Pyramid Point. He built his home at Port Oneida. Kelderhouse also bought a gristmill on the Crystal River from John Fisher in 1866 to process grains.〔 Between 1880 and 1890, the lumber industry, however, had taken most of the timber. The Great Lakes steamships by then were burning coal instead of firewood. Due to competition, such as the D.H. Day farm in Glen Haven, Kelderhouse sold off the dock and mill by 1880. He died in 1884 which led to the demise of the family fortune.〔 All the original buildings at Port Oneida were abandoned by 1908. Only the Kelderhouse residence was still occupied by his family. In 1934 it was then sold to Fred Baker. The boarding house at Port Oneida was torn down in 1944. Other buildings and the apple orchard were removed by 1952. Wood of these buildings had been used to build the Burfiend pig barn and the Barratt barn.〔 Port Oneida area farming was difficult and harsh. The sandy soils did not produce much. Water was limited, which hindered their efforts. Potatoes were their primary cash crop. Their limited supply of grain sustained small herds of dairy cattle. Most employed themselves outside their farms to make ends meet.〔 Port Oneida was a close-knit ordinary farming community from the turn of the 20th century until World War II. Farmers worked together by going from farm to farm to gather and harvest seasonal crops.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Port Oneida Rural Historic District」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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